Binary star Evolution · MESA

BOMBI

Bonn–MPA Binary Interface

Explore a dense grid of massive binary star evolution models
across metallicities — interactively.

~180 000 binary evolution models
3 metallicities
3 interactive apps
130+ total publications
10+ core publications

A public archive for massive binary evolution models

The Bonn stellar group, led by Prof. Dr. Norbert Langer, has computed several large grids of binary stellar evolution models at various metallicities over the past decade using the MESA stellar evolution code. These models cover a wide range of primary masses, mass ratios, and orbital periods, capturing the full diversity of binary interaction channels — from stable mass transfer to unstable mass transfer.

The models are stored for long-term preservation at the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics (MPA) and are publicly accessible via MPA Stellar Model Grid Repository. The Bonn–MPA Binary Interface (BOMBI) is designed as a first point of access for astronomers from various fields to explore, visualize, and exploit these grids for their own research — maximizing the scientific impact of this substantial computational investment.

Key applications include predicting populations of gravitational-wave progenitors, black hole binaries, supernova progenitors, and cluster properties across different metallicity environments.

Model grid visualization
Initial binary parameter space. Ecah dot represents one detailed binary evolution model.

Three metallicity environments

Each grid covers a dense and wide parameter space in initial primary mass, mass ratio, and orbital period. Some input physics might be different between the grid. Please consult the references for details.

MW Milky Way

Metallicity Z = 0.0154
Primary mass 5 – 100 M☉
Mass ratio q 0.1 – 0.95
log P [days] -0.50 – 3.70
Number of models ≈ 38 000
Reference Jin et al. 2026
LMC Large Magellanic Cloud

Metallicity Z = 0.005
Primary mass 10 – 70 M☉
Mass ratio q 0.0 – 0.98
log P [days] 0.1 – 4.0
Number of models ≈ 74 000
LMC+ Large Magellanic Cloud
With enhanced wind
Metallicity Z = 0.005
Primary mass 30 – 100 M☉
Mass ratio q 0.25 – 0.95
log P [days] 0.1 – 4.0
Number of modelsels ≈ 13 000
SMC Small Magellanic Cloud

Metallicity Z = 0.002
Primary mass 5 – 100 M☉
Mass ratio q 0.30 – 0.95
log P [days] 0.0 – 3.5
Number of models ≈ 58 000

The whole model grids are available via MPA Stellar Model Grid Repository

Interactive apps for model exploration

Each app is a live interactive Bokeh server application. If you use BONNSAI for your work, please cite it as "XXX" and provide a footnote containing the URL to this web-service: "The BOMBI web-service is available at www.XXX."

Pq Diagram screenshot
Grid Explorer

P-q-M Diagram

Full initial binary parameter space, color-coded by evolutionary outcome or any stellar property.

  • Interactive P-q-M diagram
  • Evolutionary track
  • van den Heuvel diagram
  • Download each model data
Open App →
Population Synthesis screenshot
PopSyn

Population Synthesis

Generate synthetic stellar population from the model grid using user-defined initial distributions.

  • Adjustable IMF (α), q (β), log P (γ) slopes
  • Adjustable Binary fraction
  • Adjustable star formation history
  • Download population data
Open App →
Scanner screenshot
Model Scanner

Scanner

Scan through the model grid and locate the best-fitting model to observed constraints via χ² minimization.

  • Slider-driven grid navigation
  • Full evolutionary history plots
  • χ² fit to observed Teff, L, and more
  • Download best-fitting model data
Open App →

Core research papers using BOMBI grids

A list of publications using BOMBI model grids extensively.

  1. 2026
    The demographics of core-collapse supernovae: The role of binary evolution and interaction with the circumstellar medium Ercolino, Andrea; Jin, Harim; Langer, Norbert; Gal-Yam, Avishay; Schootemeijer, Abel et al. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 706, A169
  2. 2026
    The drastic impact of Eddington-limit induced mass ejections on massive star populations Pauli, D.; Langer, N.; Schootemeijer, A.; Marchant, P.; Jin, H. et al. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 707, A11
  3. 2026
    A comprehensive grid of massive binary evolution models for the Galaxy: Surface properties of post-mass-transfer stars Jin, Harim; Langer, Norbert; Ercolino, Andrea; de Mink, Selma E. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 707, A56
  4. 2026
    Interacting Binaries on the Main Sequence as In Situ Tracers of Mass-transfer Efficiency and Stability Sen, Koushik; Renzo, Mathieu; Jin, Harim; Langer, Norbert; Schootemeijer, Abel et al. The Astrophysical Journal, 1000, 2
  5. 2026
    The IACOB project: XVI. Surface helium abundances in Galactic O-type stars: indications for identifying binary interaction products ~Simón-Díaz, S.; Holgado, G.; Martínez-Sebastián, C.; Carretero-Castrillo, M.; Jin, H. et al. arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2601.20698
  6. 2025
    The IACOB project: XIII. Helium enrichment in O-type stars as a tracer of past binary interaction Martínez-Sebastián, C.; Simón-Díaz, S.; Jin, H.; Keszthelyi, Z.; Holgado, G. et al. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 693, L10
  7. 2025
    Mass-transferring binary stars as progenitors of interacting hydrogen-free supernovae Ercolino, A.; Jin, H.; Langer, N.; Dessart, L. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 696, A103
  8. 2025
    Populations of evolved massive binary stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud: I. Predictions from detailed evolution models Xu, X.-T.; Schürmann, C.; Langer, N.; Wang, C.; Schootemeijer, A. et al. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 704, A218
  9. 2025
    Stable mass transfer in massive binaries leading to merging black holes Xu, Xiao-Tian; Langer, Norbert; Klencki, Jakub; Wang, Chen; Li, Xiang-Dong arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2512.20054
  10. 2024
    Interacting supernovae from wide massive binary systems Ercolino, A.; Jin, H.; Langer, N.; Dessart, L. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 685, A58
  11. 2023
    Reverse Algols and hydrogen-rich Wolf-Rayet stars from very massive binaries Sen, K.; Langer, N.; Pauli, D.; Gräfener, G.; Schootemeijer, A. et al. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 672, A198
  12. 2022
    A synthetic population of Wolf-Rayet stars in the LMC based on detailed single and binary star evolution models Pauli, D.; Langer, N.; Aguilera-Dena, D. R.; Wang, C.; Marchant, P. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 667, A58
  13. 2020
    Properties of OB star-black hole systems derived from detailed binary evolution models Langer, N.; Schürmann, C.; Stoll, K.; Marchant, P.; Lennon, D. J. et al. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 638, A39
  14. 2020
    Effects of Close Binary Evolution on the Main-sequence Morphology of Young Star Clusters Wang, Chen; Langer, Norbert; Schootemeijer, Abel; Castro, Norberto; Adscheid, Sylvia et al. The Astrophysical Journal, 888, L12
  15. 2017

Full list maintained in the NASA ADS public library ↗.

The team behind BOMBI

Harim Jin
Harim Jin
MW grid
Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics
Daniel Pauli
Daniel Pauli
LMC, LMC+ grid
KU Leuven
Pablo Marchant
Pablo Marchant
LMC grid
University of Ghent
Chen Wang
Chen Wang
SMC grid
Nanjing University
Xiao-Tian Xu
Xiao-Tian Xu
SMC grid
Shanghai Jiao-Tong University
Norbert Langer
Norbert Langer
Supervisor
University of Bonn
University of Bonn – AIFA MPA Garching

Download the raw model data

MPA Stellar Model Grid Repository

MESA input and output (history, profile) for the whole grids, hosted at the MPA.

Go to repository ↗

In-app Downloads

Each app allows you to download individual model or population data.

Open an app

Citation & DOI

If you use these models in your research, please cite the relevant papers.

See publications

Questions or feedback?

For questions about the web interface or the data, please contact Harim Jin.
For science questions, please consult the relevant publications first.